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Journal of Aging and Health
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The Importance of Genetic and Environmental Effects for Self-Reported Health Symptoms

A 30-Year Follow-Up Considering Survival and Selection Effects

Nancy L. Pedersen, PhD

The Karolinska Institute, Sweden, and University of Southern California

Birgitta Steffensson, BA

The Karolinska Institute, Sweden

Stig Berg, PhD

Boo Johansson, PhD

University College of Health Sciences, Sweden

Gerald E. Mcclearn, PhD

Pennsylvania State University

Objectives:This study delineated the nature of individual differences in self-reported health status across a 30-year period. Potential survival and selection effects on mean levels, variances, and genetic and environmental sources of variance were evaluated. Methods:Self-reported health status in 1963 was evaluated in 5,229 pairs of twins from the Swedish Twin Registry and in a subsample of 351 pairs surviving to the age of 80 years in 1993. Structural equation modeling evaluated genetic and environmental contributions to total variance and change in variance. Results:For men but not women, the genetic and environmental influences on health symptoms differed between survivors and nonsurvivors. Total variance increased, reflecting an increase in environmental variance, across the 30 years for both genders. Genetic variance decreased longitudinally for men. Discussion:The increase in variation from the mid-50s to the mid-80s appears to be due to an accumulation in environmental variation. There are gender differences that deserve further exploration.

Journal of Aging and Health, Vol. 11, No. 4, 475-493 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/089826439901100401
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